Bivalves, the Twin-Shelled Mollusks

Bivalves, the Twin-Shelled Mollusks Bivalves are a group of mollusks that includes clams, scallops, oysters, mussels, razor shells, cockles, venus shells, borers, trough shells and many others (some of which live in the deep sea and have yet to be identified). Bivalves are the second most diverse group of mollusks, ranking only behind  gastropods in number of species. Bivalves are so named for their paired shells. The shells of a bivalve consists of  two halves, mirror images of one another, that are joined at one edge by a flexible hinge. Each half is asymmetrical and rounded, so that when its closed against its opposite number, this forms a domed space near the hinged edge of the shell that accommodates the bulk of the bivalves body and narrows towards the edge of the shell that opens. (Bear in mind that although most bivalves have paired shells, a few species either have drastically reduced shells or no shells at all.) Bivalves live in marine and freshwater habitats; the most diverse, consisting of 80 percent of all species, live in ocean habitats. These invertebrates have four different lifestyles: epifaunal, infaunal, boring and free-moving. Epifaunal bivalves attach themselves to hard surfaces and remain in the same spot for their entire lives. Epifaunal bivalves, such as oysters, adhere to surfaces using either cementation or byssal threads (sticky chitinous threads secreted by a gland in the foot). Infaunal bivalves bury themselves in sand or sediment on the seafloor or in riverbeds; they have thin, soft shells armed with hard tips, and they bore into solid surfaces such as wood or rock. Free-moving bivalves, such as scallops, use their muscular single feet to dig into sand and soft sediments; they can also move through the water by opening and closing their valves. Most bivalves have a pair of large gills  located in their mantle cavity. These gills enable the bivalves both to extract oxygen from the water (in order to breathe) and to capture food; water rich in oxygen and microorganisms is drawn into the mantle cavity and washes through the gills. In species that burrow, a long siphon extends to the surface to take in water; mucus on the gills helps capture food and cilia transfer the food particles to the mouth.    Bivalves have mouths, hearts, intestine, gills, stomachs and siphons, but do not have heads, radulae or jaws. These mollusks possess abductor muscles that, when contracted, hold the two halves of their shells closed. Bivalves are also equipped with a muscular foot, which in many species, such as clams, is used to anchor their bodies to the substrate or to dig down into the sand. The bivalve fossils  date back to the Early Cambrian period.  During the ensuing Ordovician, bivalves diversified in terms of both number of species and the variety of ecological niches occupied. Species Diversity Approximately 9,200 species Classification Bivalves are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Bivalves Bivalves are divided into the following taxonomic groups: ProtobranchiaPteriomorpha - This group includes animals such as scallops, oysters, pearl oysters, mussels, arcs and various other familiesAnomalodesmataRostroconchiaHeterodontaPalaeoheterodonta Edited on February 10, 2017 by Bob Strauss

How to Make a Family Photo Calendar From Scratch

How to Make a Family Photo Calendar From Scratch Looking for a personalized gift that will be enjoyed year-round? Its easy to create your own personalized photo calendar. Include images of friends, family, ancestors, or special places on your calendar to remind you of special people or events. Make your own calendar for grandma of the grandkids, or one of yourself for the special person in your life. Photo calendars are a thoughtful, inexpensive gift that can be used every day of the year. Select Your Pictures Find pictures from your collection that suit your fancy, and use your scanner to make them digital. If you dont own a scanner, then your local photo shop can scan the pictures and place them on a CD/flash drive for you or upload them to an online service. Dont be afraid to get creative and branch out from traditional photographs - scanned copies of a childs artwork or family mementoes (letters, medals, etc.) also make nice calendar photos. Prepare Your Photos Once you have your photos in digital format, use photo-editing software to add captions, or rotate, resize, crop, or enhance the pictures to best fit your calendar. Create the Calendar ​If youd like to create and print a photo calendar yourself, specialized calendar software programs make a printable calendar as easy as drag-and-drop. You may also already have software right on your computer which will do the job. Many word-processing programs, such as Microsoft Word, include basic calendar templates, as do many photo-editing programs. A number of free downloadable calendar templates can also be found online. As an alternative, there are many calendar printing services and copy shops which can create a personalized photo calendar for you using your photos and special dates. Some of the most popular and versatile include: ShutterflyMixbookPicabooSnapfish Personalize Your Calendar Once you create your calendar pages, its time to customize. Go beyond the basic calendar by adding your own custom colors and fonts. Unlike bland, mass-produced calendars, each month can have a different theme. Match photos to the months theme- a photo of your parents on the month of their wedding anniversary, or a closeup of the family Christmas tree and its treasured ornaments for the month of December.Add personal dates, including birthdays, anniversaries, holidays, and other significant events. Not sure when Thanksgiving or Mothers Day falls this year? Check out holiday calendars for a wide range of national and holiday dates.Keep family history alive by including photos of your ancestors and major events from your familys past. You may be surprised to find how many of your family members share birth dates with their ancestors. Print Your Calendar Once youve finished designing your photo calendar, its time to print. If you plan to print the calendar yourself at home, begin by printing the photo pages- one for each month- preferably on good quality photo paper. Once completed, youll need to reload the printed photo pages into your printer in order to print the monthly grids on the other side of the pages. Remember that each months picture appears on the opposite side of the previous month; for example, you should print Februarys monthly grid on the back of Marchs photo. Make sure that you understand which side and end of the paper your printer begins to print from, to avoid mistakes with page orientation. If youre using a special calendar software program, look for specific directions and tips for printing your calendar. Alternatively, many copy shops can print and assemble your finished photo calendar for you from your saved copy on disk. Be sure to check with them before starting to see what file formats they accept. Add Finishing Touches After youve printed and double-checked your finished calendar pages, you may want to take them to your local copy center to have them spiral-bound for a more professional look. Alternatively, use a paper punch and bind the pages with brads, ribbon, raffia, or other connectors. Enjoy your custom family calendar. And make sure youre prepared to repeat the project next year, because people will definitely ask!

Long term oxygen therapy in patients with chronic obstructive Essay

Long term oxygen therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Essay Example A prescription of LTOT is properly considered, because Medicare claims on LTOT prescription only if this therapy is vitally important for patient’s life. In case of such kind of strict regulations it is weird that LTOT is blamed for causing deaths or worsening patient’s quality of life or health status. Generally speaking, LTOT is a generally accepted and approved treatment for patients with COPD. With regard to the fact that there are different points of view expressed by medicals, critics and researchers concerning LTOT, this research is focused on unprejudiced consideration of this method and discusses both its benefits and negative outcomes. On the one hand, the results of the studies, which have been constantly conducted, witness that LTOT prolongs patient’s life. On the other hand, a poor diagnosis and inexact guidance for this treatment prescription and deaths of some patients prove inconsistency an inappropriateness of LTOT for individuals with COPD: In COPD patients considered for LTOT, the FEV1 should normally be less than 1.5 IV litres, or less than 40% of predicted normal values. The presence of arterial hypoxaemia with a higher FEV1 suggests that there may be another cause for the hypoxaemia, e.g. sleep apnoea, and further investigations will be required. Patients should be prescribed LTOT for at least 15 h per day, although survival improves when LTOT is used for more than 20 h per day. Thus the hours of LTOT use should not be restricted, especially in severe COPD. There is no benefit in the use of LTOT in COPD patients with a PaO2 above 8 kPa (Tiep, Barnett, Schiffman, 2002). Benefits of LTOT may be proven by improvement in patients’ lives, quality of patients’ lives, decrease of mortality levels, psychological and cognitive statuses’ perfection etc. In this frame of discussion, it is relevant to mention a study on relationship between heath and quality of life before and after LTOT. The results show that quality of life among

The Law of Comparative Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Law of Comparative Advantage - Essay Example Because the theory failed to understand the laws of absolute and comparative advantage, which advocates that trade, may not necessarily be a zero-sum game, mercantilists regulations were gradually removed in Britain in the course of eighteenth century after the government has fully embraced Adam Smith's concept of laissez faire (Wikimedia Foundations, Inc). The greatest challenge to mercantilism was Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage. It is said that Smith's publication of the book The Wealth of Nation in 1776 has ended the rule of mercantilism as an economic philosophy. In contrast to the necessity of government control in the mercantilists' philosophy, Adam Smith advocated the laissez faire system, with limited government intervention in the economy. Particularly, Smith believe that trade would be beneficial to both countries through specialization. In practical terms, when one country is more efficient than another country in the production of one commodity but is less efficient in the production of another, then both can gain by specializing in the commodity in which it has the absolute advantage. ... As trade is deemed beneficial to all, restrictions are discouraged and limited government intervention is advised. An Unchallenged Theory An enhancement and definitely a higher notch than the theory of absolute advantage is the law that says that one country can benefit from trade even if it is less efficient in the production of both commodities. It is the law of comparative advantage: an impetus for small nations to actively participate in trade as it is believed to benefit both the big and the small countries. Introduced by David Ricardo in 1817 through his book On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, comparative advantage posits that trade can create value for both countries even if one has the fewer resources in the production of all goods. Using the production possibilities frontier, Ricardo was able to prove this, achieving a significant breakthrough in the field of international economics. Practically, Ricardo believes that given the situation, both countries can still gain by having the less efficient country specialize in the production and exportation of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smallest and import the product in which it has its greatest absolute disadvantage. The commodity in which one country has the least absolute disadvantage can be thought of as one in which it has the comparative advantage. The gains are realized as both countries specialize in the production of commodity in which it has the least opportunity cost (Mankiw). The Gains from Trade: A Simple Numerical Example To facilitate understanding of the gains from trade, we cite the example from the Principles of Macroeconomics book of N. Gregory Mankiw. Given that it takes 20 hours for farmer to produce 1 lb of meat and 10 hours to produce 1

Education Dialog Essay Example for Free

Education Dialog Essay What does it mean to be an educated person? There is no simple, out-right, correct answer to this question. Everyone will have a slightly, if not very, different answer. â€Å"†¦ ‘What does it mean to be a liberally educated person?’—is misleading, deeply so, because it suggests that one can somehow take a group of courses, or accumulate a certain number of credits, or undergo an obligatory set of learning experiences, and emerge liberally educated at the end of the process. Nothing could be further from the truth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (William Cronon 5) To me an education is about grasping not specific facts, but concepts as a whole, to gain knowledge of things that can be applied to not just the status quo but things in the future as well. To be properly educated one must keep an open mind, be able to take all the sides of an argument into account and be able to see where they are coming from. To be educated,, is to be free of ignorance, to not let our own emotions and experiences corrupt our view, to be able to think for yourself and think critically at that, but also to comprehend what is being said to you, or what you are reading and understand that your learning will never end. No matter the amount of knowledge you have on a certain topic there will always be more to learn, either on that topic or other topics and an educated person knows that, so they are always striving to learn more. Critical thinking is a huge part of being considered educated. You don’t just listen to hear someone talk, and you don’t read to just see letters form words on a page, you do these things so you can derive meaning from the words written in a book and the words coming from a person’s mouth. How does one measure intelligence? How would you know where you stand compared to others? This is where things get a little tricky. From my own experience in the public education system we were given facts, dates, places and names to be memorized for tests. How much you could memorize directly translated to what grade you would get on a test. Students would cram right before an exam, and their minds would only retain that knowledge for a couple days at most. In my English class my teacher spent the whole year preparing us for one test at the end of the year, one test. We were actually given the test three times before the â€Å"final exam†. You were given the correct answers and all you had to do was memorize it, if you could memorize the answers you would get an A grade. I don’t get how standardized tests are used to measure intelligence since there isn’t a standardized person. I believe standardized tests should be made with essay topics to give students a chan ce to explain their thinking, their â€Å"why’s† I can understand why certain subjects become important when trying to shape a well rounded educated person, such as: math, history, writing and composition. History would be about the only subject in which there could be too much focus on dates and facts, to where they begin to dismiss the â€Å"Why did they do that?† because they’re focusing on the fact that they did do it. We are taught history so we can do our best to prevent repeating it, the facts won’t really help all too much in that, but the critical thinking will. We need to be aware of what’s going on around us, notice when things are beginning to stir. We all must be educated to advance in our world, to learn from our mistakes, to make new mistakes and set forth a course to the ideal of a perfect world or to achieve a perfect education.

Ancient Egypt Essay -- Egyptian History Essays

Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt is located along the Nile River of Northeastern Africa. More specifically, it is the territory where ancients Egyptians lived in the valley of the delta and the Nile. It was a thriving civilization for more than 3,000 years, from about the time of 3300 BC to 30BC. The culture of Ancient Egypt is identified and very well known for many aspects of their ways of life. Considering the time period, they were very technologically advanced. This can especially be seen through the great pyramids and hieroglyphs that elaborately decorate the walls of them. Pyramids were not small structures. In fact the largest one was over fifty stories high. In addition they were also built completely by manual labor. Labor consisted of moving limestone blocks that weighed on average 2.5 metric tons and could weigh up to 15 metric tons. In addition they had to form these blocks, move them, and sculpt them into the great structures known as the Pyramids. As you can imagine they took several decades of day in and day out work to complete these massive structures. The hieroglyphs were also an important part of not only the Ancient Egyptian culture but the pyramids especially. They provided pictorial descriptions for burial chambers, temples, jewelry, and important statu es. Ways to decipher them were unknown until the discovery of what is known as the Rosetta Stone. It was a stone that showed the same text in three different languages. Then early in the 19th century a French scholar name Jean Francois Champollion was able to decipher it and later on aid in learning the language of the dead language of hieroglyphs. Hieroglyphs are still being deciphered to this day. Ancient Egypt was able to prosper for such a long perio... ... November 2003 from http://www.greatscott.com/hiero. Iversen, Erik. The Myth of Egypt and Its Hierolyphs In European Tradition. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univeristy Press, 1993. Minnesota State University. "Hieroglyphs." Retrieved 21 November 2003 from http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/hieroglyphics/heiroglyphics.html. Park, Rosalind.The Scientific Invention of Hieroglyphs or Hurrah for Pliny! Great Britain: Azoth Publications, 1997. Silverman, David P. Language and Writing in Ancient Egypt. Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania: The Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 1990. "The Pyramids of Ancient Egypt." Intercity Oz Inc. 1999. Retrieved 15 November 2003 from http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/pyramids.htm. Winston, Alan. The Pyramids in Ancient Egypt. Retrieved 18 November 2003 from http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/pyramids.htm. Ancient Egypt Essay -- Egyptian History Essays Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt is located along the Nile River of Northeastern Africa. More specifically, it is the territory where ancients Egyptians lived in the valley of the delta and the Nile. It was a thriving civilization for more than 3,000 years, from about the time of 3300 BC to 30BC. The culture of Ancient Egypt is identified and very well known for many aspects of their ways of life. Considering the time period, they were very technologically advanced. This can especially be seen through the great pyramids and hieroglyphs that elaborately decorate the walls of them. Pyramids were not small structures. In fact the largest one was over fifty stories high. In addition they were also built completely by manual labor. Labor consisted of moving limestone blocks that weighed on average 2.5 metric tons and could weigh up to 15 metric tons. In addition they had to form these blocks, move them, and sculpt them into the great structures known as the Pyramids. As you can imagine they took several decades of day in and day out work to complete these massive structures. The hieroglyphs were also an important part of not only the Ancient Egyptian culture but the pyramids especially. They provided pictorial descriptions for burial chambers, temples, jewelry, and important statu es. Ways to decipher them were unknown until the discovery of what is known as the Rosetta Stone. It was a stone that showed the same text in three different languages. Then early in the 19th century a French scholar name Jean Francois Champollion was able to decipher it and later on aid in learning the language of the dead language of hieroglyphs. Hieroglyphs are still being deciphered to this day. Ancient Egypt was able to prosper for such a long perio... ... November 2003 from http://www.greatscott.com/hiero. Iversen, Erik. The Myth of Egypt and Its Hierolyphs In European Tradition. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univeristy Press, 1993. Minnesota State University. "Hieroglyphs." Retrieved 21 November 2003 from http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/hieroglyphics/heiroglyphics.html. Park, Rosalind.The Scientific Invention of Hieroglyphs or Hurrah for Pliny! Great Britain: Azoth Publications, 1997. Silverman, David P. Language and Writing in Ancient Egypt. Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania: The Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 1990. "The Pyramids of Ancient Egypt." Intercity Oz Inc. 1999. Retrieved 15 November 2003 from http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/pyramids.htm. Winston, Alan. The Pyramids in Ancient Egypt. Retrieved 18 November 2003 from http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/pyramids.htm.

Consider the business model Essay

The easiest way to start a design is to consider the business model that you sat down with when starting these designs. You now need to recreate that structure in Active Directory using Organizational Units as the building blocks. Create a complete Organizational Unit structure that exactly mirrors your business model as represented by that domain. In other words, if the domain you are designing is the Finance domain, implement the finance organizational structure within the Finance domain. You don’t create the entire organization’s business model within each Organizational Unit; you create only the part of the model that would actually apply to that Organizational Unit. Draw this structure out on a piece of paper. Figure 8-3 shows the Organizational Unit structure of mycorp.com’s domain. We’ve expanded only the Finance Organizational Unit here for the example. Figure 8-3. The Mycorp domain’s internal Organizational Unit structure Once you have drawn an Organizational Unit structure as a template for your Active Directory hierarchy within the domain, you can begin to tailor it to your specific requirements. The easiest way to tailor the initial Organizational Unit design is to consider the hierarchy that you wish to create for your delegation of administration. Two Tier Hierarchies A two tier hierarchy is a design that meets most company’s needs. In some ways it is a compromise between the one and Three Tier hierarchies. In this design there is a Root CA that is offline, and a subordinate issuing CA that is online. The level of security is increased because the Root CA and Issuing CA roles are separated. But more importantly the Root CA is offline, and so the private key of the Root CA is better protected from compromise. It also increases scalability and flexibility. This is due to the fact that there can be multiple Issuing CA’s that are subordinate to the Root CA. This allows you to have CA’s in different geographical location, as well as with different security levels. Manageability is slightly increased since the  Root CA has to be brought online to sign CRL’s. Cost is increased marginally. Marginally speaking, because all you need is a hard drive and Windows OS license to implement an Offline Root. Install the hard drive, install your OS, build your PKI hierarchy, and then remove the hard drive and store it in a safe. The hard drive can be attached to existing hardware when CRLs need to be re-signed. A virtual machine could be used as the Root CA, although you would still want to store it on a separate hard drive that can be stored in a safe. Three Tier Hierarchies Specifically the difference between a Two Tier Hierarchy is that second tier is placed between the Root CA and the issuing CA. The placement of this CA can be for a couple different reasons. The first reason would be to use the second tier CA as a Policy CA. In other words the Policy CA is configured to issue certificates to the Issuing CA that is restricted in what type of certificates it issues. The Policy CA can also just be used as an administrative boundary. In other words, you only issue certain certificates from subordinates of the Policy CA, and perform a certain level of verification before issuing certificates, but the policy is only enforced from an administrative not technical perspective. The other reason to have the second tier added is so that if you need to revoke a number of CAs due to a key compromise, you can perform it at the Second Tier level, leaving other â€Å"branches from the root† available. It should be noted that Second Tier CAs in this hierarchy can, like the Root, be kept offline. Following the paradigm, security increases with the addition of a Tier, and flexibility and scalability increase due to the increased design options. On the other hand, manageability increases as there are a larger number of CAs in the hierarchy to manage. And, of course, cost goes up.

Florida Public Health And Statutes Health And Social Care Essay

1 ) Discuss the subdivision of the public wellness legislative acts that is of greatest involvement to you. Explain why it is of import and depict what you learned as new information. The public wellness legislative act covering with Substance Abuse Services ( Chapter 397 ) is of great involvement to me.The chapter fundamentally trades with substance maltreatment bar, intercession and intervention services. Substance maltreatment is a major wellness job and leads to deeply upseting effects as serious damage, chronic dependence, condemnable behaviour, vehicular casualties, gyrating wellness attention costs, AIDS. It is the purpose of the Legislature to guarantee within available resources a full continuum of substance maltreatment services based on projected identified demands, delivered without favoritism and with equal proviso for specialised demands. It is recognized that a substance maltreatment damage crisis is destructing the young person and is the underlying cause of many juveniles come ining the juvenile justness system, and that substance maltreatment damage contributes to the offense the school dropout rate, young person self-destruction, adolescent gest ation, and substance-exposed neonates and that substance maltreatment damage is a community job, a household job, a social job, and a judicial job and that there is a critical demand to turn to this exigency instantly. Therefore, it is the purpose of the Legislature that scarce financess be invested in bar and early intercession plans. The economic cost of substance maltreatment damage to the province drains bing resources, and the cost to victims, both economic and psychological, is traumatic and tragic. The end of the legislative assembly to deter substance maltreatment by advancing healthy life styles and drug free schools, workplaces and communities. The Legislature besides intends to supply authorization for the section to spread out bing services to juveniles, to contract with community-based substance maltreatment service suppliers for the proviso of specialised services, and to hold paradigm theoretical accounts developed prior to statewide execution. The new subjects I came across in this chapter are: ( a ) Duties of the Department ( B ) Treatment-based drug tribunal plans. Duties of the section: A comprehensive province program has been designed for the proviso of substance maltreatment services which includes: Designation of incidence and prevalence of jobs related to substance maltreatment, description of current services, need for services, cost of services, precedences for support.It besides provides on a direct or contractual footing public instruction plans and an information clearinghouse to circulate information about the nature and effects of substance abuse. , developing for forces who provide substance maltreatment services, a information aggregation and airing system, in conformity with applicable federal confidentiality regulations. , basic epidemiological and statistical research and the airing of consequences, research in cooperation with qualified research workers on services delivered. The Department plans to set up a support plan for the airing of available federal, province, and private financess through contractual understandings with community-based orga nisations or units of province or local authorities which deliver local substance maltreatment services. Treatment based drug tribunal plans The treatment-based drug tribunal plans include curative law rules and adhere to the 10 cardinal constituents, recognized by the Drug Courts Program Office of the Office of Justice Programs of the United States Department of Justice and adopted by the Florida Supreme Court Treatment-Based Drug Court Steering Committee. : ( a ) Drug tribunal plans integrate intoxicant and other drug intervention services with justness system instance processing. ( B ) Using a non adversarial attack, prosecution and defence advocate promote public safety while protecting participants ‘ due procedure rights. ( degree Celsius ) Eligible participants are identified early and quickly placed in the drug tribunal plan. ( 500 ) Drug tribunal plans provide entree to a continuum of intoxicant, drug, and other related intervention and rehabilitation services. ( vitamin E ) Abstinence is monitored by frequent proving for intoxicant and other drugs. ( degree Fahrenheit ) A co-ordinated scheme governs drug tr ibunal plan responses to participants ‘ conformity. ( g ) Ongoing judicial interaction with each drug tribunal plan participant is indispensable. ( H ) Monitoring and rating step the accomplishment of plan ends and gauge plan effectivity. ( I ) Continuing interdisciplinary instruction promotes effectual drug tribunal plan planning, execution, and operations. ( J ) Forging partnerships among drug tribunal plans, public bureaus, and community-based organisations generates local support and enhances drug tribunal plan effectivity The support of a treatment-based drug tribunal plan under which individuals in the justness system assessed with a substance maltreatment job will be processed in such a mode as to suitably turn to the badness of the identified substance maltreatment job through intervention services tailored to the single demands of the participant. ( 2 ) Identify two different types of attacks or methods used to progress the wellness of Floridians ( e.g. , service bringing, ordinance ) . For each, describe an illustration from the Florida public wellness legislative acts and place a possible restriction that could discourage accomplishing the intended result. The two different types of attacks or methods used to progress the wellness of Floridians are: ( a ) Health Insurance Access. ( ss.408.90-408.910 ) ( B ) Delivery of disease control services-Tuberculosis Control ( Delivery of Tuberculosis control services ) ( chapter 392 ) ( A ) Health Insurance Access: The Legislature finds that a important figure of the occupants of this province do non hold equal entree to affordable, quality wellness attention because the premiums are unaffordable The Legislature intends to supply a province wellness insurance plan for those people who are without wellness insurance so that they may hold entree to preventive and primary attention services. The province wellness insurance plan programs to offer basic, low-cost wellness attention services to those Floridians who have non had entree to the private wellness insurance market. The Legislature intends that the province plan shall aim the uninsured and non those who presently have private wellness insurance coverage. . The Legislature farther discoveries that increasing entree to affordable, quality wellness attention can be best accomplished by set uping a competitory market for buying wellness insurance and wellness services. It is hence the purpose of the Legislature to make the Florida Health Choices Program to: Expand chances for Floridians to buy low-cost wellness insurance and wellness services, preserve the benefits of employment-sponsored insurance while easing the administrative load for employers who offer these benefits, enable single pick in both the mode and sum of wellness attention purchased, supply for the purchase of single, portable wellness attention coverage, disseminate information to consumers on the monetary value and quality of wellness services, Sponsor a competitory market that stimulates merchandise invention, quality betterment, and efficiency in the production and bringing of wellness services Every occupant of this province who has a gross household income that is equal to or below 250 per centum of the federal poorness degree and who meets the demands of this subdivision is eligible to inscribe in the Med Access plan. Every eligible individual who enrolls in the Med Access plan is entitled to have benefits for any covered service furnished within this province by a take parting supplier which include physician services, hospital inmate services, hospital outpatient services, research lab services, household planning services, outpatient mental wellness services Registration in the Med Access plan is capable to eligibility and financial restrictions and shall be renewed yearly. Restrictions of Med Access Program: ( 1 ) The Med Access plan shall non cover benefits that are provided as portion of workers ‘ compensation insurance. ( 2 ) The Med Access plan shall except coverage for preexisting conditions, except gestation, during a period of 12 months following the effectual day of the month of coverage every bit long as: ( a ) The status manifested itself within a period of 6 months before the effectual day of the month of coverage ; or ( B ) Medical advice or intervention was recommended or received within 6 months before the effectual day of the month of coverage. ( 3 ) The Med Access plan shall non include coverage for outpatient prescription drugs, spectacless, dental services, tutelary attention, or exigency services for non emergent conditions. ( 4 ) Any member of the Med Access plan who is determined to be at â€Å" high hazard † by a take parting primary attention supplier shall, upon reclamation, hold to be placed in a instance direction system when it is determined by the plan to be in the best involvement of the member and the Med Access plan. ( 5 ) No individual on whose behalf the plan has paid out $ 500,000 in covered benefits is eligible for continued coverage in the Med Access plan. ( B ) Delivery of Disease Control Services: TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL ( Delivery of TB control services ) Active TB is a extremely contagious infection that is sometimes fatal and constitutes a serious menace to the public wellness. There is a important reservoir of TB infection in this province and that there is a demand to develop community plans to place TB and to react rapidly with appropriate steps. Some patients who have active TB have complex medical, societal, and economic jobs that make outpatient control of the disease hard, if non impossible, without presenting a menace to the public wellness. The Legislature finds that in order to protect the people from those few individuals who pose a menace to the populace, it is necessary to set up a system of compulsory contact designation, intervention to bring around, hospitalization, and isolation for contagious instances and to supply a system of voluntary, community-oriented attention and surveillance in all other instances. The Legislature finds that the bringing of TB control services is best accomplished by the co-ordinated attem pts of the several county wellness sections, the A.G. Holley State Hospital, and the private wellness attention bringing system. Community TB control programs. — The section operates, straight or by contract, community TB control plans in each county in the province. Community TB control plans trades with the: Promotion of community and professional instruction about the causes and dangers of TB and methods of its control and intervention to remedy ; Community and single showing for the presence of TB ; Surveillance of all suspected and reported instances of active TB, including contact probe as necessary and as directed by the section ; Reporting of all known instances of TB to the section ; Development of an individualised intervention program for each individual who has active TB and who is under the attention of the section, including proviso of intervention to remedy and follow up, and the distribution of medicine by agencies of straight observed therapy, if appropriate, to eligible individuals under regulations and guidelines developed by the section ; and Provision of guidance, periodic retesting, and referral to allow societal service, employment, medical, and lodging bureaus, as necessary for individuals released from hospitalization or residential arrangement. The section plans to develop, by regulation, a methodological analysis for administering financess appropriated for TB control plans. Standards to be considered in this methodological analysis include, but are non limited to, the basic substructure available for TB control, caseload demands, laboratory support services needed, and epidemiologic factors. The end of the intervention program is to accomplish intervention to bring around by the least restrictive agencies. The section shall develop, a standard intervention program form that must include, but is non limited to, a statement of available services for intervention, which includes the usage of straight observed therapy ; all findings in the rating and diagnostic procedure ; mensurable aims for intervention advancement ; and clip periods for accomplishing each aim. Each intervention program must be implemented through a instance direction attack designed to progress the single demands of the individual who has active TB. The in dividual ‘s advancement in accomplishing the aims of the intervention program must be sporadically reviewed and revised as necessary, in audience with the individual. Restrictions of Tuberculosis control services: Disobedience to anti tubercular therapy is a major restriction to the TB control plans. The failure to take prescribed medicine is a cosmopolitan perplexing phenomenon. This fact must be taken into consideration when one enterprises to handle a patient or control diseases in a community. Terbium is a catching disease necessitating drawn-out intervention, and hapless attachment to a prescribed intervention increases the hazard of morbidity, mortality and spread of disease in the community The curative regimens given under direct observation as recommended by WHO have been shown to be extremely effectual for both forestalling and handling TB but hapless attachment to anti TB medicine is a major barrier to it ‘s planetary control. Factors associated with patients for hapless conformity in the pre-DOTS ( Directly Observed Treatment Short-course ) epoch are alleviation from symptoms, inauspicious reactions to drugs, domestic and work-related jobs. In an urban TB control plan, disobe dience with DOTS was common and was closely associated with alcohol addiction and homelessness. Disobedience is associated with an addition in the happening of hapless results from intervention and accounted for most intervention failures. Advanced plans are needed to cover with alcohol addiction and homelessness in patients with TB. [ 1 ] 3 ) Select a wellness profession of involvement to you. Discourse the chief elements of how the profession is regulated, how the ordinances benefit the profession and the community, every bit good as any restrictions A wellness profession that involvements me the most is medical pattern ( chapter 458 ) .The profession is regulated by a set of regulations and the primary legislative intent is to guarantee that every doctor practicing in this province meets minimal demands for safe pattern. It is the legislative purpose that physicians who fall below minimal competence or who otherwise show a danger to the public shall be prohibited from practising in this province. Any individual wanting to be licensed as a doctor, who does non keep a valid licence in any province, is supposed to use to the section on signifiers furnished by the section. The section provides a licence to each applier who the board certifies: has completed the application signifier and remitted a nonrefundable application fee non to transcend $ 500, Is at least 21 old ages of age, is of good moral character, has non committed any act or discourtesy in this or any other legal power which would represent the footing for training a ph ysician pursuant and meets one of the undermentioned medical instruction and graduate student preparation demands: ( A ) Is a alumnus of an allopathic medical school or allopathic college recognized and approved by an accrediting bureau recognized by the United States Office of Education or is a alumnus of an allopathic medical school or allopathic college within a territorial legal power of the United States recognized by the recognizing bureau of the governmental organic structure of that legal power or Is a alumnus of an allopathic foreign medical school registered with the World Health Organization and certified pursuant to s. 458.314 as holding met the criterions required to recognize medical schools in the United States or moderately comparable criterions ( B ) Has had his or her medical certificates evaluated by the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, holds an active, valid certification issued by that committee, and has passed the scrutiny utilized by that committee ; and ( C ) Has obtained a passing mark, as established by regulation of the board, on the licensure scrutiny of the United States Medical Licensing Examination ( USMLE ) ; or a combination of the United States Medical Licensing Examination ( USMLE ) . The section and the board assures that appliers for licensure meet all the standards through an fact-finding procedure. When the fact-finding procedure is non completed within the clip set and if the section or board has ground to believe that the applier does non run into the standards, the State Surgeon General or the State Surgeon General ‘s designee may publish a 90-day licensure hold which shall be in composing and sufficient to advise the applier of the ground for the hold. Furthermore, the section may non publish an unrestricted licence to any person who has committed any act or discourtesy in any legal power which would represent the footing for training a physician pursuant to s. 458.331. When the board finds that an person has committed an act or discourtesy in any legal power which would represent the footing for training a physician pursuant to s. 458.331, so the board may come in an order enforcing one or more of the footings set Forth in subdivision. The section besides issues punishments for go againsting regulations and ordinances such as: The pattern of medical specialty or an effort to pattern medical specialty without a licence to pattern in Florida, the usage or attempted usage of a licence which is suspended or revoked to pattern medical specialty, .attempting to obtain or obtaining a licence to pattern medical specialty by cognizing deceit, trying to obtain or obtaining a place as a medical practician or medical occupant in a clinic or infirmary through cognizing deceit of instruction, preparation, or experience. Restrictions of medical pattern are: The Legislature recognizes that the pattern of medical specialty is potentially unsafe to the populace if conducted by insecure and unqualified practicians. The Legislature finds further that it is hard for the populace to do an informed pick when choosing a doctor and that the effects of a incorrect determination could earnestly harm the public wellness and safety. ( illustration: inauspicious incidents in office pattern scenes. the term â€Å" inauspicious incident † means an event over which the doctor or licensee could exert control and which is associated in whole or in portion with a medical intercession, instead than the status for which such intercession occurred, and which consequences in the undermentioned patient hurts: The decease of a patient, encephalon or spinal harm to a patient, lasting disfiguration, the public presentation of a surgical process on the incorrect patient, The public presentation of a wrong-site surgical process ; the public presentation of a i ncorrect surgical process or the surgical fix of harm to a patient ensuing from a planned surgical process where the harm is non a recognized particular hazard as disclosed to the patient and documented through the informed-consent procedure ) . The section reviews each incident and determine whether it potentially involved behavior by a wellness attention professional who is capable to disciplinary action and disciplinary action, if any, will be taken by the board under which the wellness attention professional is licensed. When the board determines that any applier for licensure has failed to run into, to the board ‘s satisfaction, each of the appropriate demands set Forth in this subdivision, it may come in an order necessitating one or more of the undermentioned footings: ( a ) Refusal to attest to the section an application for licensure, enfranchisement, or enrollment ( B ) Certification to the section of an application for licensure, enfranchisement, or enrollment with limitations on the range of pattern of the licensee ; or ( degree Celsius ) Certification to the section of an application for licensure, enfranchisement, or enrollment with arrangement of the doctor on probation for a period of clip and capable to such conditions as the board may stipulate, including, but non limited to, necessitating the doctor to subject to intervention, attend go oning instruction classs, submit to redirect examination, or work under the supervising of another doctor.

Civil Society Role in Combating Corruption

Civil Society Role in Combating Corruption Introduction This essay answer the question posed concerning the role of civil society in combating corruption. Corruption has been escalating at a high rate in many countries in the world. Various sectors and government agencies have embarked on the war to fight corruption. This is because of the harmful effects of corruption to individuals as well as the economy as a whole.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Society Role in Combating Corruption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The civil society also has not lagged behind in fighting corruption. The civil society comprises of diverse groups but all have a role in fighting corruption in one way or another. These groups include citizens, religious organization groups, NGOs among others. As stakeholders in the quality of governance and institutions mediating between the government and the public, civil society plays a key role in fighting corruption. At the country level as well as internationally, this statement is unchallenged. But what does it mean in practice? To what extent is the statement true? These are some of the question this paper addresses and go further in highlighting the nature of civil society involvement. The first part of this essay defines what corruption is and highlights few causes of corruption. The second part of this paper explains how civil society has evolved giving more focus to the third world countries. It also highlights the various roles that the civil society can take to combat corruption. Initiatives taken to empower the civil society have also been highlighted including the role of the media. In conclusion this essay acknowledges the fact that civil role has key roles to play in combating corruption and these roles should be enhanced. What is Corruption? According to Botchwey (2000), corruption is defined as the act of obtaining advantage via dubious means or means that are not legitimate immoral, and that ar e inconsistent with the rights of others or the duty of the perpetrator. Corruption also exists where people may apply public powers for their own or private gains. Corruption exists in our society and has always existed. The act is evil and unacceptable and has many negative consequences. Corruption is an impediment factor to economic growth and may cause economic downturn where it is severe. Most of the democratic institutions like legal institutions have suffered or suffer most where corruption is prevalent.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the gangrenous effects of corruption may include low supply of public goods and services, embezzlement of public funds, downgraded infrastructures among others. There factors are detrimental to economic growth and development and calls for immediate attention wherever they exist. For war against corruption to be won, effor ts must move beyond a narrow response to a broader approach of addressing its underlying causes (Al – Shuaibi, n.d). Dealing with these problems will require a multi-pronged strategy tailored to the specific pattern of corruption in each specific country. Corruption impedes sustainable development which is key in the economic development of every country. Causes of corruption can be summarized as follows: The lack of political will to combat corruption at the leadership level; The weak judicial system and the absence of the rule of law; The weak parliamentary role; Incomplete rules and regulations and public monitoring; Weak media and inactive civil society. The role of combating corruption should not be left to the official bodies and the legislative authority alone. Civil society should take an active role in enhancing and demanding democracy and human rights (OECD, 2003). They should commit themselves to the objectives of ensuring integrity and accountability in response to need for enhancing a system of good governance. Civil Society’s Role Combating Corruption As highlighted earlier civil society include the no-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community based organizations (CBOs).Some are progressive while others are conservative. The community and the social organizations fight corruption through religion and humanitarian agencies that fight for human rights. Together as a society they discourage vices such as dishonesty and bribery that characterize corruption. In deed these societies campaign for democracy. These groups including professional bodies and business associations participate in the fight against corruption while conducting their civil roles. Reports from the third world countries indicate that civil society was in active (Bardhan, 1997). The reason for this is because it has been marginalized.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Society Role in Combating Corruption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the ability to effectively scrap off corruption following independence has been narrow, the civil society has given recognizable contribution in the fight against corruption. Roles taken during this period include: Condemnation of official corruption by professional bodies, student and trade unions as part of protest against economic mismanagement by the government. Exhortations against corruption by religious organizations leaders. These include leaders from all religious circles. Too much focus on corruption scandals that have already been exposed by the political leaders in the opposition side of the government. In this case the media take the role of giving the issue much publicity. The efforts raised above are considered to be reactive rather than been pro-active. They are inadequate in stemming out corruption and more pro-active actions should be devised by the civil society. An establishment of a more vibrant civil society is the way to ensure pro-active approach. Karkling (2005) in his arguments maintains that society has inspiration that is adequate to fight the vice. Corrupt persons are likely to find their way out of the when it comes to the laws of the country. The government therefore needs support from the civil society in the campaign for a corruption free society ( Olabimpe and Sesan, 2006) This will ensure well founded initiatives that will check on the vice. Unless this is done the war against the vice will be lost. The civil society is aware due to the changes that have occurred with increase in information. They are major actors in putting checks and balances in the political and socio-economic fields (Kidd Richter, 2003). These factors include: There has been proliferation of democratic constitutions facilitated by some political openings. This has given a chance to the growth of human rights and association freedom; a factor that is crucial in the fight against corruption. Thi s has been manifested by the surge of civil society in general. The indicators of this move include the chapters of Transparency International in Nigeria, Benin and Kenya among other countries. There are other improvements like environmental and human protection bodies that also acts as indicators. The growing emphasis of private sector towards economic development. Business associations and various representatives have kept the government on its toe towards implementing policies that create conducive environment for business. Technology improvement has made it easier to expose government officials that are corrupt. For instance, the existence of effective and efficient electronic and print media has been on the vanguard in this context. The emergence of well informed middle class and increase in the number of business people who reject the old system of nepotism and self dealing and instead engage in openness and fair dealing (Ralchev, 2004). They have the conviction that low corru ption stimulates economic growth. More proactive roles include the following: Creating public awareness about corruption Most of the cases of corruption involve public and private officials. Civil society stands on a more neutral ground as an independent actor in combating corruption and representing the interest of the public at large. In their research Noorjehan Beagali (2008) found out that information on corruption can be obtained from statistical studies The publicity of information concerning the development of patterns and action plans has been enhanced seminars and conferences that are effective in creating awareness. This would be achieved by these organizations lobbying for the legislation of more strict rules on corruption. Formulating and promoting actions plans to fight corruption This involves lobbying for new laws that are geared towards combating corruption. Advocacy for institutional reforms, legal and judicial reforms, freedom of information as well as heavy pena lties for the individuals or institutions found guilty of corruption.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is also monitoring of actions and decisions of the government. Various policies enacted by the government ensure that the will of the people guides the actions of public administrators. The expectations of the community are that they receive standardized public utilities. The public can actively participate in the formulation of laws that will regulate behavior. This kind of supervision and oversight role ensure that the government or the state is accountable to its key roles and that it carries them out in a transparent manner. Enhancing the Role of the Civil Society in Combating Corruption The fact that corruption is real and that it hampers economic development, there has been the growing desire among domestic and transnational actors. Civil activism has been enhanced by the political liberalization that over the past decade has been improving becoming robust. The civil society and the non-government agencies have been pushing for good governance and low corruption. The que stion is how may this role be enhanced? Mobilization of opinion against corruption and corrupt people Civil society plays a key role in the national governance and therefore it is actively involved in the fight against corruption. In general, civil society and the media can create awareness on corruption and its damage on economic development. Both groups can form a formidable force that can force the policy makers and the government to initiate reforms against corruption. When involved in restructuring of state structures the public will Maintain a positive culture against corruption. It is apparent that civil society, NGOs, trade unions and other such bodies have a chance of fighting corruption in the electoral systems through addressing the issue therein and facing out corrupt officials. The electoral system is a genuine facility that could effectively be used in voting out corrupt officials in the government and other sectors where it applies. The community involvement and suppo rt to the organization formed to implement restriction give a successful outcome. The media has the potential of supporting the anti-corruption agencies in carrying out their duties through working closely with them in order to provide relevant information that would help the agencies identify the corrupt people. This will ensure harmony between constitution and statutory promise as well as ensuring that the corrupt officials comply with the regulations set against them. Limitation Several factors can be identified as limiting the development of a vibrant civil society and its involvement in combating corruption. Major limits will mostly come from the state. In certain countries, public rules limit basic civil rights and will impede the development of civil society organizations. The lack of transparency of public operations and the limited access to critical information do not encourage the direct participation of citizens in the conduct of public affairs. Citizens may also impose limits. In certain countries, citizens are ignorant on information in regards to the costs of corruption and the existence of several avenues available to them for fighting corruption. Citizens do not always understand the realisable personal gains they can get by fighting corruption. They therefore lack the motivation to be actively involved in eradicating the vice. Lack of resources can also be a limit. Most of the civil society organizations have inadequate information and technical capacities required for pro-active actions rendering them inefficient in their fight against corruption. Previously these organization have been addressing environmental issues and basic human rights until more recently when they devised ways of engaging themselves in the war against corruption. Empowering the Civil Society Organizations in their fight against corruption The effective functioning of the civil society must have an effective legal and regulatory framework that helps guide it’s fu nctioning. Some aspects of such legal framework may include the basic human rights and freedom among others. Such freedom would enable people to come together and form non-governmental organizations that would facilitate the fight against corruption. Empowering or strengthening the capacities of civil society organisations means to: Provide these organisations with information and expertise; Support training programmes; Contribute to the raising of funds; and Forge more partnerships between civil society actors. Requirements for registering these non-governmental organisations should be reasonable and not bureaucratic. Government should support civil society by waiving taxations on them. Effectiveness of the civil society can be enhanced through access to information and knowledge (Bertram, 2005). Adequate funds raised for the civil society will attract well-educated and highly motivated people. This ensures that the capacity of civil society in combating corruption is not compris ed. The local groups have teamed up with international organization like Transparency International, or TI to fight corruption. TI is a worldwide movement which helps in the fight against corruption and its stakeholders are those that against corruption. It is a non-governmental and non profit. TI’s has grown to the membership of more than 60 countries since its launch in 1993 and has membership in every continent in the world. The civil society also gains more support in the area where there is great mobilization against corruption. The objective will be achieved through strengthening citizen support for the existing anti-corruption NGOs, and increase participation of other stake holders whose primary interest may not be necessarily the fight against corruption. Publishing surveys that show how prices of basic commodity rises due to corruption should be a powerful tool in mobilising the public. Talking about the general damages of corruption is not good enough. Many countrie s like Pakistan have undertaken public awareness campaigns at the national, provincial and district level through schools and universities. The Role of the Media as part of civil society in fighting corruption It has been logically argued that the fight against corruption could not be won without free media because of the role it plays in the whole process. The linkage between the media and fight against corruption is critical. Free media plays a significant role in the fight against corruption because it helps expose or uncover various hidden corrupt cases. Though most of the countries have a free media, many factors still impede the efforts made by the media in their role towards fighting corruption. These factors may include corruption among the media itself, state control over media among others factors that hamper the functioning of media. Media may also be inhibited in its role towards combating corruption by libel laws and intimidation. In some countries violence against jour nalists has resulted in strong self-censorship. Legal framework that guarantees freedom of expression forms the foundation of a vibrant media. Freedom of information laws differs in some respects from one country to another. Journalists practicing in Turkmenistan are prohibited by the state to publish comments that connote corruption. However, the head of the state is immune from this law. Government monopolies on printing and television signal transmissions continue in many countries, creating pressures for self-censorship. Media business is booming and can be a major industry but the partisan nature of the ownership structure continues to hamper its development and growth. An appropriate system of corporate governance within the media would ensure non-partisan participation by the media. Allowing free entry, especially the foreign press that is non-partisan can also help mitigate the problem of â€Å"media capture†. Foreign media can help to create a highly competitive and diverse media culture. Some countries mostly from Europe have made great strides in ensuring free press. Freedom of the press is highest in countries with the lowest levels of administrative corruption. Conclusion The fight against corruption is a multi-dimensional approach and it is evident that the civil society plays a significant role in the process. Statistics has it that there is no single agency that can win the bathe against corruption unless by partnering with other stakeholders. This has happened in many developing world. Since the Civil society acts as a watchdog to the government and also defends the public interest, there is dire need to accord it the due support in the fight against corruption. The civil society should therefore be involved in the enactment of the anti-corruption laws as much as possible and also in their enforcement. A well developed civil society will represent a wide variety of interests. Organizations with diverse organizational structures will vie w corruption from different perspectives which will bring together diverse view points to design a strategy and increase its chances of success. To ensure that the measures taken are not politically biased, there should be more political will based on a broad support from various sources in the civil society. A variety of interests ensures that the anti-corruption initiatives taken meet the public interest. The discussion clearly indicates that the civil society has an important role to play in the negotiation and in the implementation of government instruments against corruption. The contribution made by the civil society can never be underestimated. Reference List Al – Shuaibi, A., n. d. The Role of Civil Society Organizations in Combating  Corruption. Palestine: Palestinian Legislative Council Bardhan, P., 1997. †Corruption and Development: A review of issues, â€Å". Journal of  Economic Literature, 35 (1997) Bertram, I., 2005. Fighting corruption in developing countries: strategies and analysis. West Hartford: Kumarian Press Botchwey, K., 2000. Fighting corruption, promoting good governance. Durban: Commonwealth Secretariat Karklins, R., 2005. The system made me do it: corruption in post-communist societies. New York: M.E. Sharpe Kidd, J. Richter, F., 2003. Fighting corruption in Asia: causes, effects and remedies. Geneva: World Scientific Noorjehan N. Belagali, H.V., 2008. Educational Philosophy of Dr. Zakir Husain. India: Global Vision Publishing. OECD., 2003. Fighting Corruption: What Role for Civil Society? Canada: OECD Olabimpe, B. Sesan, A., 2006. Fighting corruption in Nigeria: challenges for the future.  Kampala: Fountain Publications Limited Ralchev, P., 2004. The role of civil society in fighting corruption and organized crime in Southeast Europe. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Volume 4, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 325 331

Calculate Federal Income Tax

Calculate Federal Income Tax The average American wants to share as little of his or her earnings with Uncle Sam. How does the saying go? Don’t tax you. Don’t tax me. Tax that man behind the tree. Gnawing on a worker’s wages, income tax is an everyday example of percent decrease at work.   This article focuses on using percents to calculate disposable income, the amount of money that remains after paying federal income tax. How to Calculate Income Tax When you get that first real job and learn that you’ll have an annual salary of $36,000, realize that you don’t have $3,000 a month to spend.Let’s say that your income tax rate will be 5%. What will be your disposable income?1. Find the amount of taxes that you’ll pay.36,000 * .05 $1,8002. Subtract the amount of taxes from your income.$36,000 – $1,800 $34,200Disposable Income:   $34,200Disposable Income per Month: $34,200/12 $2,850  Ã‚     Don’t run out and get a mortgage and car note that total $2,500 a month. Otherwise, you will be the hungriest person living the American Dream. Exercises Answers and Explanations Use each annual salary and tax rate to calculate disposable income.1. Annual salary: $350,000Federal income tax rate:   28%Disposable income: 2. Annual salary:   $10,000Federal income tax rate: 5%Disposable income: 3. Annual salary:   $80,500Federal income tax rate:   10%Disposable income: 4. Annual salary: $175,000Federal income tax rate: 23%Disposable income:   5. Annual salary: $50,400Federal income tax rate:   10%Disposable income: 6. Annual salary: $93,550Federal income tax rate:   18%Disposable income: 7. Annual salary:   $27,950Federal income tax rate:   5%Disposable income:

Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Law of Evidence - Essay Example verse to Duane’s interests and on this basis, the prosecution counsel can contradict by introducing prior oral statements that are inconsistent with the oral testimony provided in the Court2. In order to argue successfully in favor of admitting evidence, the Prosecution will be required to prove that: The major issue the Prosecution will have to prove is therefore the question of whether the evidence of the character of WPC Kite is relevant to the subject matter of the proceedings regarding Diane. The Prosecution could argue that the substance of WPC’s confessions should be admitted as important hearsay evidence on grounds of its relevance in understanding the probative value of the statements in understanding other evidence in the case.3 Further grounds they could use to argue for admission of WPC’s statements are the general provisions for admission of confessions4 admissions by agents5 or by utilizing the provision that â€Å"a statement made by a party to a common enterprise is admissible against another party to the enterprise as evidence of any matter stated.†6 Moreover, since the statements of WPC Kite in Court will be inconsistent with his oral admissions to Duane in the car, this could provide additional grounds for the Prosecution to seek that such evidence be admitted.7 They could argue that since the testimony that WPC Kite will be offering in Court is likely to contravene the Defendant Duane’s assertion that he made unsolicited admissions in the car on the way to the police station, the admission of those oral evidence may be justified in providing evidence of his character and the fact that he did indeed make those statements. 2. In the event Duane wishes to resist the admission of such evidence, the major argument that can be offered is the lack of relevance of WPC’s criminal record in the issue of her theft indictment. For example, in the case of Funderburk8, the issue in question was whether the defendant had sexually assaulted the